Turkey's Potential for Accession to the European Union
A Pathfinder Prepared by Diane Zablotsky
University of Oklahoma, Spring 2008
Statement of Scope
Turkey applied for membership in 1959 to the European Economic Community, the predecessor to the European Union, yet as of January 2008, Turkey remains in a pre-accession stage for full membership into the European Union while countries such as Cypress, Bulgaria and Romania have achieved membership. The complex nature of regional integration includes not only issues such as management of bilateral relations in an integrated community, labor migration, and human rights, but also in Turkey’s case, issues between the Western and Eastern worlds divided by fundamental religious differences must also be addressed.This pathfinder is intended to provide background readings for the educator, researcher and student of international relations to investigate not only the theoretical basis of regional integration but also the specific path Turkey has taken in its bid for membership in the European Union and its potential for accession in future years.
To this end, this pathfinder has been structured according to the retrieval model for the social sciences by Swisher (2003), with the modification that both finding aids and information are being listed from more general to most specific. First, vocabulary suggestions are suggested for the educator, researcher and student to aid in utilizing finding aids, which have then been given at two levels. The top level, or “comprehensive bibliography sources”, provides complete tools for the researcher to provide resources that are authoritative, while the bottom level, or “selective bibliographies”, which emphasize a more narrow but more selective set of tools for the educator, researcher and student. Both comprehensive and selective bibliography sources can prove valuable to the educator, researcher and student depending on the type and level of research being conducted, and thus are provided here with a specific focus on Turkey’s potential for accession to the European Union. Secondly, specific content has been recommended at two levels. The top level “summarizing content” provides an overview of the field while the bottom level, research level in-depth content is recommended. Again, depending on the level and type of research, both types of content are being provided here with a specific focus on Turkey’s potential for accession the European Union. Lastly, reference tools specific to the topic of Turkey’s potential for accession to the European Union have been recommended.
The following is a quick guide for the researcher in navigating this pathfinder.
Quick Guide

Finding Aids
Vocabulary
Controlled Vocabulary
Uncontrolled Vocabulary

Comprehensive Bibliography Sources
Abstracts & Indexes
Library & Book Catalogs
Search Engines
Metasearch Engines

Selective Bibliographies
Research & Subject Guides
Selective & Didactic Bibliography
Subject Directories

Content
Summarizing Content
Encyclopedic Articles
Textbooks
Handbooks

Research Information
Scholarly Journals
Electronic Texts
Government Information
Monographs & Books
News & Newspapers
Dissertations & Theses

Reference Tools, Data, Facts
Almanacs
Biographical Sources
Dictionaries
Directories
Statistical Resources
Finding Aids (Quick Guide)
Vocabulary (Quick Guide)
By combining efficient use of several methods of research, the educator, researcher and student can efficiently locate the most relevant resources from the vasts quantity of online and print literature available. The purpose of this section will be to suggest specific vocabulary to aid in research, as well as to relate that vocabulary to Library of Congress Call Numbers most relevant in the study of Turkey's potential accession to the European Union.Uncontrolled Vocabulary (Quick Guide)
Often one of the first tools that an educator, student and researcher may utilize is that of the Internet search engine. In addition, the educator, student and researcher will often access computerized library catalogs to do keyword searches. In order to maximize the effectiveness of keyword searching, careful consideration of search terms other than those that may first occur to the educator, student and researcher must be given. These search terms are uncontrolled in that they are chosen by the user, and therefore there exists no selection or systematic categorization of these terms. Some suggestions for search engines and online catalogs are listed on the right-hand side of this page.The following uncontrolled vocabulary combinations (also called free text terms) are suggested for locating resources relevant to Turkey’s Bid for Membership in the EU:
European Union enlargement
Turkey accession European Union
EU accession negiotiations
Turkey secularism
Turkey human rights
Turkey economic integration
Turkey democracy
Cyprus
The following uncontrolled vocabulary may also be useful particularly to students of international relations in understanding how international relations theory pertains to Turkey's Accession to the EU:
international relations theoryrealismneorealismglobalismpluralismfeminist theory and international relationsConstructivismfunctionalismneofunctionalismintergovernmentalisminternational regime theory

Specifically, it is suggested that these terms be used in combination with the search terms "Turkey" and "European Union" or "EU". This type of search may locate more scholarly analyses already in existence within the International Relations discipline that use specific International Relations theory as their bases. It may be helpful to search terms, and the method to do so will vary depending on the search engine used. Most simply, boolean operators (see explanation at the LOC) can be used, i.e. "functionalism" AND "Turkey" AND "European Union". Please refer to the "help" section of the preferred search engine used for more information on how to combine search terms.Controlled Vocabulary (Quick Guide)Educators, researchers and students will often also rely on searches of online library catalogs to locate print resources. In the case of researching Turkey's bid for accession to the EU, the multi-disciplinary nature of international relations coupled with the complexity of issues pertaining to the issue makes locating resources particularly difficult. By locating relevant Library of Congress Subject Headings and utilizing them in computerized searches of library catalogs, the student or researcher can often find resources not easily located through keyword searches utilizing uncontrolled vocabulary.Following are Library of Congress Subject Headings suggested for the purposes of locating resources.

International RelationsInternational Economic RelationsInternational Economic Relations – Religious AspectsInternational Relations - HistoryInternational CooperationInternational OrganizationInternationalismAlliancesTreatiesGlobalizationNational InterestInterregionalismRegionalism (International Organization)Regionalism Middle EastCustoms UnionEuropean FederationEurope – Relations – Islamic CountriesEurope – Politics and GovernmentEurope – Economic IntegrationEurope – Foreign Relations - TurkeyEurope – Foreign Relations – Middle EastEuropean Union - TurkeyEuropean Union Countries – Foreign Relations – TurkeyEuropean Union Countries – Foreign Economic Relations - TurkeyEuropean Union Countries – Economic PolicyEuropean Union Countries – Commerce—TurkeyEuropean Union Countries – Economic Integration – TurkeyPolitical Culture – EuropeGroup Identity – Europe
KemalismMuslims – EuropeIslam EuropeTurkey – Foreign Relations – EuropeTurkey – Relations – EuropeTurkey – Foreign Relations –European Economic CommunityCyprus – HistoryTurkey – History – 1960 -Turkey – Foreign Economic Relations – European Union CountriesHuman Rights – Turkey

Within the Library of Congress catalog search page, enter the desired subject heading and utilize the "Set Search Limits" to select desired language, type of resource, or place of publication.Library of Congress Call NumbersIn addition to both online search engine searches and library catalog subject searches, Mann suggests that library serendipity, or the discovery of resources while browsing library shelves either in reality or virtually, will locate resources not otherwise immediately apparent to the student or researcher. Here we find some overlap with Library of Congress Subject Headings, and the educator, student and researcher can easily cross-reference any of the above subject headings or the following call numbers to produce additional results.The following Library of Congress call numbers with their associated Library of Congress Subject Headings may be relevant to the student or researcher in locating additional resources. Again, for the convenience of the reader, call numbers have been linked to a Call Number Browse search of the Library of Congress catalog.
D32
History (General)--Political and diplomatic history--General special
D1055
History (General)--Europe (General)--History--1945---Social life and customs. Civilization. Intellectual life
D1065
History (General)--Europe (General)--History--1945---Political and diplomatic history--Relations with region and countries, A-Z
DR435
History of Balkan Peninsula--Turkey--Ethnography--Individual elements in the population, A-Z
DR479
History of Balkan Peninsula--Turkey--History--Political and diplomatic history--Relations with individual regions or countries, A-Z

HC240
Economic history and conditions--By region or country—Europe

HC241
Economic history and conditions--By region or country--Europe--European economic integration

JC599.E
Political theory. The state. Theories of the state--Purpose, functions, and relations of the state--State and the individual. Human rights. Civil rights—Rights of the individual--Nationality. Citizenship
JN15
Political institutions and public administration (Europe)--European federation and integration

JN26
Political institutions and public administration (Europe)--European Union. European Community. European communities
JX1568
International law. Foreign relations. Diplomacy. International arbitration--Foreign relations. By country--Other countries--Europe--Turkey and the Balkan states--Turkey and Islamic countries in general

JZ1234
International relations—Research

KJE5092
Regional organization and integration (Europe)--The European Communities. Community law--Organization law. Constitution of the European Communities--Intergovernmental (Internal) relations. Community and Member nations--Accession of new member states. Adhesion. Beitritt--By state, A-Z

Within the Library of Congress catalog search page, enter the desired call number and utilize the "Set Search Limits" to select desired language, type of resource, or place of publication

Comprehensive Bibliographies (Quick Guide)Resources listed in this section are suggested as finding aids to the complete body of information available within a discipline. The finding aids listed in this section are suggested as particularly relevant to the educator, student and researcher in the field of international relations with particular regard to Turkey’s potential accession to the European Union.

Abstracts & Indexes (Quick Guide)Abstract and Indexes are databases that primarily provide information regarding information available in scholarly journals. While there are many abstracts and indexes available to the educator, student and researcher, the following are suggested as being particularly relevant to the multi-disciplinary international relations field. See Uncontrolled Vocabulary for additional suggestions regarding abstract and index searches.

Annual Reviews
Annual Reviews provides abstracts for journal articles in many fields, including political science. Abstract level searches are freely available, but full-text articles require subscription, or are alternately available on a pay-per-text basis. Searches are easily sorted by journal title or author in the right-hand menu.
Search help gives the researcher aid in utilizing Annual Reviews search engine.

EconLit
EconLit is a bibliography of economics literature, to include journal articles, books, book reviews, working papers and dissertations. EconLit is a subscription-only. Use of subject descriptors as defined by the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes (full list available at EconLit website) aids in narrowing searches to relevant subjects.

GeoBASE
GeoBASE is a subscription only bibliography with abstracts that includes human and social geography. GeoBASE is available by subscription via FirstSearch.

ISI Web of Knowledge
ISI Web of Knowledge is a subscription-only portal for access to citation databases, specialized resources, and analytical tools. searchable by field - econ, int'l relations. A complete list of journals is available at the Master Journal List. ISI Web of Knowledge has both recorded multimedia training sessions and web-based tutorial sessions to aid the researcher.

Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts is a subscription only source of citations, abstracts, and indexing in the political science field to include international relations, law and public administration. Worldwide Political Science Abstracts provides an excellent tutorial on using its services at its help menu, to include use of wildcards, Boolean operators and proximity searches.

Library & Book Catalogs (Quick Guide)
Many libraries allow searches of their catalogs by non-members, and local library websites should be accessed by the researcher. The following online library catalogs are suggested. See Controlled Vocabulary for additional suggestions regarding abstract and index searches.

WorldCat
WorldCat allows searches of member library holdings to advise the educator, student and researcher if materials are available at local member libraries, and can be an efficient way to locate resources, especially if multiple local libraries are available and are members of WorldCat. WorldCat may also be available to patrons of local libraries through FirstSearch. A useful feature of WorldCat is the “Cite this item” function which generates citations in various formats including APA and MLA.

Library of Congress
The Library of Congress online catalog allows open searches of its holdings. Basic search tips are given on the Library of Congress Catalog search page.

University of Oklahoma
The University of Oklahoma catalog allows searches of its catalog by non-members of the University Community. Some searches generate alternate search term suggestions on the right-hand menu. In addition, detailed holding records allow electronic browsing by call number by selecting “Items with a similar call number” from the right-hand menu.

Search Engines (Quick Guide)
Search engines allow the educator, student and researcher to access the vast amount of resources available on the open internet. Because each search engine uses different technology and thus return different results, it is suggested that searches be conducted on multiple search engines. See Uncontrolled Vocabulary for additional suggestions regarding search engines searches.

Google
Google is the most frequently used search engine. An online tutorial Google Guide by Nancy Blachman is suggested for further tips on using Google searches.

Yahoo
Yahoo is another widely used search engine. See its Search Tips for additional tips in conducting searches.

Ask.com
Ask.com provides search suggestions and has a useful “Narrow Your Search” function by keyword listed on the right-hand menu.

Gigablast
Gigablast provides a useful date filter for its results, and quickly allows searches of other search engines through its “Compare our results to” function at the bottom of the page. In addition, its “GigaBits” function will suggest additional search terms.

Metasearch Engines (Quick Guide)
Metasearch engines allow the educator, student or researcher to access several search engines simultaneously. The following two metasearch engines are suggested in order to more efficiently search the internet. See Uncontrolled Vocabulary for additional suggestions regarding metasearch engines searches.
Dogpile
Dogpile is a metasearch engine that provides helpful search terms on the right-hand menu. Sponsored links are included in searches and intermingled in results.

Kartoo
Kartoo is a visually organized metasearch engine has that “topics” linked to the desired search in the left-hand menu to aid in sorting search results.

Selective Bibliographies (Quick Guide)Included in this section are research tools designed to aid the educator, student and researcher in locating resources relating to Turkey's potential accession to the EU within the scope of international relations theory. Research & Subject Guides (Quick Guide)Research and subject guides can aid the educatory, student and researcher in locating the best resources within the discipline. The following research and subject guides are suggested in the field of international relations.

Penn State Social Sciences Library – International Relations – European Union
Created and maintained by Penn State University, this subject guide is an excellent collection of resources for study of the European Union to include its expansion.

University of Pennsylvania – Resources in International Relations
This subject guide created and maintained by the University of Pennsylvania library is more comprehensive towards the international relations discipline as a whole, but serves as an excellent reference point for resources available to the educator, student and researcher. Most links, however, are limited to students and faculty of the University, so it is suggested that the educator, student and researcher use this resource as a guide to find these resources within local or university library systems.
Selective & Didactic Bibliographies (Quick Guide)Selective and didactic bibliographies will list the best resources available to the educator, student and researcher. The following selective and didactic bibliographies are suggested.

Bibliographic Surveys of Select EU Documents
Compiled and maintained by the library at the University of Pittsburgh, this bibliographic survey of EU documents provides an accessible method of locating relevant official documentation. The educator, student and researcher can search the listings or browse by topic, which includes Turkey as well as enlargement.

The European Union: A Bibliography
Compiled by Osvaldo Croci, a political science professor at Memorial University of Newfoundland, this bibliography includes many aspects of the European Union. Of particular interest is his section on Enlargement. Missing, however, is a search feature, and materials appear to be somewhat dated.
Subject Directories (Quick Guide)
Select online subject directories that are suggested for international relations research are listed below.

BUBL LINK Catalogue of Internet Resources International Relations directory
BUBL utilizes the Dewey Decimal System to organize its Internet Resource Catalogue.

Galaxy.com International Relations Website Directory
Galaxy.com sponsors a user-submitted website directory that is searchable using uncontrolled vocabulary as suggested.

Internet Public Library Foreign Policy & International Relations Guide
Although there are limited number of links available at this time on the Internet Public Library site, links are hand-selected by a small full-time staff as well as student volunteers. Searches can also be conducted using uncontrolled vocabulary as suggested.

Librarian’s Internet Index (Lii.org)
Lii.org is a publicly-funded subject directory maintained by librarians. The provided hyperlink is to the search page, and, since Library of Congress headings has been discontinued used by LII.org, use of uncontrolled vocabulary is suggested for newer resources. Searches are facilitated however by classification by Lii subject conveniently linked on the left-hand side menu.

Summarizing Knowledge - Content (Quick Guide)Tools of relevance to the educator, student and researcher include those that summarize the body of knowledge available within the discipline, including specialty encyclopedias, textbooks, and handbooks. Included in this section are summary level resources of particular interest in researching Turkey's potential accession to the European Union within the context of international relations theory.Specialty Encyclopedias (Quick Guide)
The following discipline-oriented encyclopedias were chosen for the educator, student and researcher to summarize known information to study Turkey's potential accession to the European Union within the framework of global political and economic structures, as well as specific theory-related materials in the international relations discipline.

Krieger, J., & Crahan, M. E. (2001). The Oxford companion to the politics of the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
“The second edition will reassess many of the work's core themes, for example, the shifting balance between nation-states and regional and international forces and organizations in the determination of policy; the complex interplay among diverse collective identities such as nationality, race, ethnicity, and gender; and the near-universal appeal of democracy, the pressures for greater participation by citizens, and the ongoing processes of democratic transition. In addition, recent years provide data that may lead to new or refined interpretations about the complexity of global governance in an era of deepening divisions between North and South; the cost and efficacy of intervention and peacekeeping; the representative structure and the global role of the United Nations; and the fate of democracy amidst the increased skepticism by citizens throughout the world about national, regional, and global institutions for governance”. (Source: Oxford University Press).

Griffiths, M. (2005). Encyclopedia of international relations and global politics. London: Routledge.
“The study of international relations has changed rapidly in recent years. Firstly as a consequence of major political and economic change – the end of the cold war and the fall of communism, the resurgence of nationalism, terrorism and forms of fundamentalism, globalization – and secondly, linked with these developments, because of the vitality of the discipline, with ongoing debates on the fundamental paradigms for the understanding of international relations and the emergence of the perspectives of feminism, postmodernism, constructivism and critical theory. The Routledge Encyclopedia of International Relations and Global Politics provides a unique reference source for students and academics covering all aspects of global international relations and the contemporary discipline across IR's major subject divisions of diplomacy, military affairs, international political economy, and theory. Written by a distinguished group of international scholars, the Encyclopedia is largely comprised of substantial entries of more than 1,000 words, with fifty major entries of 5,000 words on core contemporary topics. Each entry is fully cross-referenced and followed by a listing of complementary entries and a short bibliography for further reading. The whole is comprehensively indexed.” (Source: Routledge)
Griffiths, M., O'Callaghan, T., & Roach, S. C. (2008). International relations: the key concepts. Routledge key guides. London: Routledge.
“Featuring over twenty new entries, International Relations: The Key Concepts, now in its second edition, is the essential guide for anyone interested in international affairs. Comprehensive and up-to-date, it introduces the most important themes in international relations in the post 9/11 era.” (Source: Routledge)

Jones, R. J. B. (2001). Routledge encyclopedia of international political economy. New York: Routledge.
“This three volume Encyclopedia offers the first comprehensive and authoritative survey of the rapidly developing field of international political economy. Its entries cover the major theoretical issues and analytical approaches within the field. The set also provides detailed discussion of the contributions of key individuals and surveys a wide range of empirical conditions and developments within the global political economy, including its major institutions. The Encyclopedia has been designed to be eclectic in approach and wide-ranging in coverage. Theoretical entries range from discussions of the definition and scope of the field, through core methodological questions such as rationalism and the structure-agent problem, to surveys of the major theories and approaches employed in the study of the international political economy.” (Source: Routledge).

Nolan, C. J. (2002). The Greenwood encyclopedia of international relations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Pub.
“Using humanistic principles to strip away the jargon and narrowness inherent in much of modern-day political scholarship, this historical encyclopedia reclaims the breadth of vision, the privileging of factual evidence over theory, and the moral tenor prevalent in classical political inquiry. Over 6,000 alphabetically arranged entries accompanied by 29 maps make this single-authored set the definitive desktop reference work on international relations and international history. The book's primary focus is upon the rise of the Great Powers and the course of world civilizations, their formative wars and diplomatic, political and economic relations. But a serious effort is made to cover all of the smaller and less powerful regions and their local history, along with how progressive inclusion into the modern state system affected them, both for good and ill. Written with elegant clarity and leavened by healthy doses of professional skepticism and humor, this thoroughly cross-referenced work addresses general as well as specialized readers seeking clear and concise sketches of the topics, simple and complex, that have shaped political and historical developments in our world.” (Source: Greenwood Pub)

O'Connor, D. E. (2006). Encyclopedia of the global economy: a guide for students and researchers. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
“There is no doubt that we live in a truly global economy. Japanese automobiles are manufactured in American plants and exported to Europe. The Golden Arches of McDonalds beckon to customers in over 100 countries. Skyrocketing oil prices have a ripple effect on the cost of thousands of goods worldwide. From Seattle to Genoa, protestors decry the injustices of trade agreements perceived to favor the "rich" countries over the "poor." The Encyclopedia of the Global Economy illuminates these issues and many more, covering a wide spectrum of concepts, people, and organizations related to economic globalization--from its origins in the quest for exotic spices in the 16th century to the debates and controversies that reflect it today.” (Source: Greenwood Press)

Textbooks (Quick Guide)
Textbooks can be helpful to the scholar at a summary level to review key concepts in the discipline. The following textbooks are suggested for summary level reviews for a theoretical basis of the international relations discipline as well as studies in the European Union.

Burchill, S. (2005). Theories of international relations. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
“The fully updated and revised third edition of this widely used text provides a comprehensive survey of leading perspectives in the field including an entirely new chapter on Realism by Jack Donnelly. The introduction explains the nature of theory and the reasons for studying international relations in a theoretically informed way. The nine chapters which follow - written by leading scholars in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the US and the UK - provide thorough examinations of each of the major approaches currently prevailing in the discipline.” (Source: Palgrave Macmillan)

Desmond Dinan. (2005). Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration. European Union series. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
“Ever Closer Union is a uniquely comprehensive and genuinely interdisciplinary introduction to the history and political development of the European Union, its institutions and key policies and the main challenges it faces in the twenty-first century. Fully revised and updated throughout, to take account of enlargement and the development of the new EU Constitution the book retains the exceptionally accessible and lively style which previous editions so successful and popular.” (Source: Palgrave Macmillan)

John McCormick. (2008). Understanding the European Union: A Concise Introduction 4th Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
An immediate best-seller on first publication, Understanding the European Union provides a broad-ranging but concise introduction to the EU, covering all major aspects of European integration. This revised and updated new edition includes fuller coverage of policy and policy making and of theoretical approaches to the study of the EU.

Handbooks (Quick Guide)
Handbooks are more detailed guides to each of the sub-disciplines within any discipline and may be more technical than a textbook will be. The following handbooks are suggested to the educator, student and researcher with focus on Turkey’s potential accession to the European Union within the context of the international relations discipline.

Carlsnaes, W. (2005). Handbook of international relations. London: Sage.
“This major Handbook brings together the worlds leading scholars of international relations to provide a state of the art review and indispensable guide to the field. A genuinely international undertaking, the Handbook reviews the many historical, philosophical, analytical and normative roots to the discipline and the key contemporary topics of research and debate today. An essential benchmark publication for all advanced undergraduates, graduate students and academics in politics and international relations.” (Source: Sage Publications)

Jørgensen, K. E., Pollack, M. A., & Rosamond, B. (2007). Handbook of European Union politics. London: SAGE.
“The European Union (EU) poses quite profound questions for scholars and students of the social and political sciences. Divided into four sections, the Handbook focuses on theorizing European integration; the EU as polity; politics and policy making in the EU; and the EU and the international system.” (Source: Sage Publications)

Reus-Smit, C., & Snidal, D. (2008). The Oxford handbook of international relations. New York: Oxford University Press.
"The Oxford Handbook of International Relations offers the most authoritative and comprehensive overview to date of the field of International Relations. Arguably the most impressive collection of International Relations scholars ever brought together within one volume, the Handbook debates the nature of the field itself, critically engages with the major theories, surveys a wide spectrum of methods, addresses the relationship between scholarship and policy making, and examines the field's relation with cognate disciplines. In so doing the Handbook gives readers authoritative and critical introductions to the subject and establish a sense of the field as a dynamic realm of argument and inquiry. " (from Oxford University Press)

Research Information (Quick Guide)At this level of research, new information is disseminated to the scholarly community via such vehicles as thesis and dissertations, scholarly journals, and books and monographs. Suggested below are materials relevant to the topic of Turkey’s potential accession to the European Union at the research level for the educator, student and researcher.
Scholarly Journals (Quick Guide)
Scholarly journals serve as a body of peer-reviewed literature in order to present new research to the scholarly community, and thus are invaluable to the educator, student and researcher as a resource. The following citations are selected based on their timeliness and contribution as they specifically relate to various topics pertaining to Turkey’s potential accession to the European Union. Abstracts are quoted as given in the attributed index as available on a non-subscription basis, but subscription is required for full-text access.

Arikan H. (2002). A lost opportunity? A critique of the EU's human rights policy towards Turkey. Mediterranean Politics, 7(1), 19-50.
“This article analyses the development of the European Union's human rights policy towards Turkey and compares the EU's approaches to similar political issues in other applicant countries. It argues that the policy towards Turkey has been inconsistent, determined to a large extent by an EU policy preference for containment, designed to delay (not to reject) Turkey's membership while keeping Ankara within the economic, security and political sphere of influence of the EU.” (Source: GEOBase).

Bilgin P. (2004). A return to 'civilisational geopolitics' in the Mediterranean? Changing geopolitical images of the European Union and Turkey in the post-cold war era. Geopolitics, 9 (2), 269-291.
“The prevalence of the discourse of ideological geopolitics during the Cold War meant that both Turkey and the EU belonged to the West by virtue of their ideological orientation. In the absence of this prevalent geopolitical discourse, both the EU and Turkey have spent the 1990s trying to locate themselves geographically. Drawing on the literature on critical approaches to political geography and international relations, this article seeks to answer the question of whether the EU's post-Cold War security discourse on the Mediterranean in general and on relations with Turkey in particular point to a return to the earlier discourse of civilisational geopolitics.” (Source: GEOBase).

Burrell A. (2005). EU enlargement to Turkey? The challenges ahead for agriculture and rural areas. EuroChoices, 4(1), 12-17.
In December 2004 the European Council agreed that accession negotiations with Turkey could begin in October 2005. Although the Copenhagen political criteria have been decisive so far, the criteria relating to the functioning of markets and ability to implement EU legislation will weigh heavily in the negotiations. Despite recent policy reforms, Turkey's agriculture still enjoys levels of protection similar or higher than those of the EU, but its gross value added per worker is relatively very low.” (Source: GEOBase).

Elver H. (2005). Reluctant partners: Turkey and the European Union. Middle East Report, 35 (235), 24-29.
“Turkey passed a milestone in its long and arduous journey toward acceptance into the exclusive club of the European Union when the EU gave Turkey a date for the start of accession talks. But major obstacles remain - chiefly resurgent anti-Muslim feeling in Europe and resurgent ethnic nationalism in Turkey. On all sides of the controversy in both Turkey and Europe, the concerns of public opinion are completely independent of the primary concerns of the Turkish and European governments.” (Source: GEOBase).

Font, N. (2006). Why the European Union Gave Turkey the Green Light. Journal of Contmeporary European Studies. 14 (2), 197-212.
“This article analyses the compromise reached by the European Union (EU) in December 2004 regarding the starting of accession negotiations with Turkey. More specifically, it argues that the EU decision on Turkey cannot be accounted for exclusively in terms of interest-based calculations but must be looked at in the light of polity norms and institutional arrangements. The main reason is that the EU resolved to open the door to Turkey becoming a member state despite it being generally recognized that the costs of accession would be certain, high anti immediate in relation to uncertainty over the benefits. Along the path leading to the 2004 outcome, strategic calculations made by member states were locked into treaty-based norms and the institutional arrangements following the EU decision in 1999 to grant Turkey the status of candidate. While accepting that instrumental dynamics and structural factors coexist, this article explores the way in which polity norms and institutional arrangements had constraining effects on interest-based attempts to delay and even undermine the candidate's accession prospects.” (Source: Worldwide Political Abstracts).

Göksel D.N.; Günes R.B. (2005). The role of NGOs in the European integration process: The Turkish Experience. South European Society and Politics, 10 (1), 57-72.
“The purpose of this article is to analyze the development of the civil society sector of Turkey in light of the country's aspirations for EU membership and the role civil society organizations have played in advancing Turkey's overall Europeanization and prospects of eventual membership. Since the Helsinki Summit in which Turkey was formally acknowledged as a candidate country for EU membership, a new stage has begun in Turkey's civil society.” (Source: GEOBase).

Lejour A.M.; de Mooij R.A. (2005) Turkish delight: Does Turkey's accession to the EU bring economic benefits? Kyklos, 58 (1), 87-120.
“We explore the economic implications of the possible Turkish accession to the European Union. We focus on three main changes associated with Turkish membership: (i) accession to the internal European Market; (ii) institutional reforms in Turkey triggered by EU-membership; and (iii) migration in response to the free movement of workers. Overall, the macroeconomic implications for EU countries are small but positive.” (Source: GEOBase).

McLaren, L. M. (2007). Explaining Opposition to Turkish Membership of the EU. European Union Politics. 8 (2), 251-278.
“This article examines EU citizen attitudes to Turkey's bid to join the EU. The key theoretical constructs investigated to explain opposition to Turkey's EU membership are related to rational economic self-interest and group-level interests and concerns. The findings indicate that the former are irrelevant for distinguishing between opponents and supporters of Turkey's candidacy, while the latter do provide fairly powerful explanations for opposition to Turkish EU membership. However, because these factors do not completely explain overall levels of hostility to Turkey's candidacy, context is also introduced, particularly the threatening context provided by Turkish migration. The findings indicate that migration from Turkey to some of the EU member states has combined with feelings of group protectiveness to produce widespread animosity to Turkey's entry into the EU.” (Source: Worldwide Political Abstracts).

Müftüler-Bac M. (2002). Turkey in the EU's enlargement process: Obstacles and challenges. English Journal Mediterranean Politics, 7(2), 79-95.
“The European Union (EU) has embarked on an ambitious programme of enlargement. In this process, Turkey, as one of the candidates, has a particularly difficult position. This article argues that Turkey's relationship with the Union should not be treated as bilateral, but rather should be placed in the larger framework of EU enlargement. In this context, the main proposition is that Turkey's EU candidacy and its negotiations for accession are affected by four factors: the Copenhagen criteria, the EU's institutional set-up, member state preferences (and related to that, Turkey's population) and public opinion within the EU.” (Source: GEOBase).

Nugent, N. (2007). The EU's Response to Turkey's Membership Application: Not Just a Weighing of Costs and Benefits. Journal of European Integration. 29 (4), 481-502.
“In October 2005 the European Union opened accession negotiations with Turkey even though the governments of several member states harboured doubts about the wisdom of so doing. This article examines why the EU agreed to the opening of the negotiations, given the existence of reservations and the fact that the decision needed the approval of the governments of all twenty-five member states. It is argued that whilst a rationalist approach goes a long way in explaining the decision, political pressures and rhetorical actions provide important additional dimensions of explanation.” (Source: Worldwide Political Abstracts).

Önis, Z. (2006). Turkey's encounters with the new Europe: multiple transformations, inherent dilemmas and the challenges ahead. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans. 8 (3), 279-298.
“The dense set of interactions that had a primary emphasis on the economic development in the Turkish Western derived model of modernity is argued to have taken a bi-directional form in terms of EU membership requiring Turkey's own performance in the political, economic and foreign policy realms will be critical in terms of enlarging the existing coalition of support. The Turkish model of modernization is traced throughout the 20th century in the Kemalist modernization project and the increasingly tense relationship with Europe throughout the 1990s. After the Helsinki Summit (1999), the Turkish membership option became far more credible, and helped to diminish the power and resilience of the anti-EU elements within Turkey and the deterioration of relations with the US on the war on a rock strengthened the pro-EU coalition. The elements of the pro-Turkey coalition are identified and a balance sheet of democratization in Turkey delineates achievements and limitations. Although Turkey EU relations historically tend to move in cycles, each cycle has brought Turkey closer to the heart of Europe resulting in a sizable vocal pro-Turkey coalition in Europe that will make resistance to Turkey's claims for full membership increasingly difficult in the European political landscape.” (Source: Worldwide Political Science Abstracts).

Önis Z. (2001). Greek-Turkish relations and the European Union: A critical perspective. Mediterranean Politics, 6(3), 31-45.
The article seeks to place Turkish and Greek relations with the European Union in historical perspective. A certain dose of realism is introduced to the debate concerning the future of Greek-Turkish-EU relations following the initial wave of optimism generated by the Helsinki summit. The highly entrenched positions held by key actors in the domestic politics of the two Aegean countries constitute formidable barriers to progress.” (Source: GEOBase).

Rumford C. (2002). Failing the EU test? Turkey's National Programme, EU candidature and the complexities of democratic reform. English Journal Mediterranean Politics, 7(1), 51-68.
Democracy and human rights are frequently perceived as barriers to Turkey's accession to the EU. The recent publication of the National Programme for the Adoption of the Acquis has done little to allay concerns that the country continues to 'fail the EU test' by failing to meet the Copenhagen political criteria. However, Turkey readily accepts EU 'interference' when it accords with national policy objectives.” (Source: GEOBase).

Tarifa F.& Adams B. (2007). Who's the sick man of Europe? A wavering EU should let Turkey in. Mediterranean Quarterly, 18 (1), 52-74.
After more than four decades of moving towards greater integration with Europe, Turkey finally received the European Union's decision to open official accession talks. Despite the progress made by Turkey in this bid, observers believe that such a decision will not be beneficial to any of the two parties. Whatever the outcome though, the experience of accession talks between Turkey and Europe will have a profound impact, for better or worse, on both parties for years to come. (Source: GEOBase).
Electronic Texts (Quick Guide)
Scholarly documents that are accessible freely online and not available otherwise in print are included in this section.

The World Bank. (2006). Country Economic Memorandum (2006): Promoting Sustained Growth and Convergence withthe European Union. Available at http://go.worldbank.org/ZV1MFC4E30.
Published by the World Bank, this report summarizes topics and makes recommendations regarding Turkey’s public policies during the EU accession process.

International Crisis Group. (2007). Turkey and Europe: the way ahead. Istanbul: International Crisis Group. Available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5021 (registration required).
Published by an international non-governmental organization that focuses on conflict analysis and prevention, this report includes an analysis of Turkey’s prospects for admission to the European Union as well as policy recommendations for all parties involved.

Lake, M. (2005). Turkey in the European Union: A Personal View. European Essay, 35. Available at http://www.fedtrust.co.uk/admin/uploads/Essay_35.pdf
Published by a London-based think tank, this article in the European Essay series was written by a former EU ambassador to Turkey.

Government Information (Quick Guide)
Resources listed in this section represent official government websites specifically relating European Union Enlargement with relation to Turkey.

European Commission for Enlargement
This is the official English language website for European Commission for Enlargement. Of particular interest within this website is Turkey - Key Documents The researcher can locate official annual progress reports, including the Turkey 2007 Progress Report, as well as links to Accession Partnership documents such as the Council Decision of 18 February 2008 on the principles, priorities and conditions contained in the Accession Partnership with the Republic of Turkey and repealing Decision 2006/35/EC. General information about official European Union enlargement policy is also available.

Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry State Planning Organization
This internet source is the official English version of the Republic of Turkey’s State Planning Organizating, and includes many primary documents relation to Turkey’s potential accession to the European Union, including the full-text annual “Pre-Accession Economic Programme” (2007 edition linked).

Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Customs
This internet source is the English version of the Republic of Turkey’s Undersecretariat of Customs, and includes original source materials resulting from official meetings between European Union delegations and the Republic of Turkey. Navigation is from the left-hand side of the page under “European Union”.

Monographs & Books (Quick Guide)
The following list of print resources represents the body of literature published over the past five years regarding Turkey's accession to the European Union. Though not comprehensive, every attempt has been made to include significant resources. Titles have been linked whenever possible to their corresponding WorldCat catalog entry to aid the researcher in ascertaining availability, and descriptions of the books and monographs as given by the publisher have been provided for the user's evaluation. In addition, links are also provided to the title’s corresponding Library of Congress record as well as Google Books for further information.

Akçapar, B. (2007). Turkey's new European era: foreign policy on the road to EU membership. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield.
“Turkey has long been a bridge between East and West, but nowhere is this dual role more apparent than in the complex negotiations surrounding Turkey's desired accession to the European Union. Turkey has recently begun negotiations with the EU on the most stringent, demanding and subjective terms ever faced by any EU candidate. The next decade, in which Turkey will negotiate its accession, will be momentous. The fate of Turkey's bid for membership will be closely watched in Europe, the United States, the broader Middle East, the Muslim world, and Eurasia. While the reforms Turkey will make to adjust to the EU will be largely domestic, foreign and security policy on both sides will help set the tone for the accession period. As Turkey learns to play within the EU mindset and procedures, so must the EU become accustomed to marriage with a geopolitical heavyweight. In this timely and important book, diplomat Burak Akçapar suggests a strategic framework for thinking about the foreign and security policy of Turkey, Europe, and the United States. If Turkey joins the EU, this multiregional actor will help connect various strategic basins and cultures, generate a credible pull factor for benign change in its neighborhood, assist Europe in its aspirations to become a global actor, and fulfill the United States' quest to find a credible transatlantic partner. Everyone who is interested in peaceful relations between East and West should read this book to better understand Turkey's bid for EU membership.” (Source: Rowman & Littlefield). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Alexander, Y., Brenner, E. H., & Tutuncuoglu, S. (2007). Turkey: terrorism, civil rights and the European Union. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
“How do democratic societies maintain the balance between civil rights and security while continuing the fight on global terrorism? This work raises this issue and presents one country, Turkey, and its struggle to implement laws to combat terrorism and comply with the European Union's civil rights standards. A collection of materials that reflects the legal responses in combating terrorism is an essential volume in any academic and professional collection as it provides a case-specific reference point in the fields of EU politics, law, and international relations. "Turkey" contains translations, contextual notes, and explanations from the editors of over 112 Turkish and EU documents ranging from martial law, PKK terror, Turkey-EU relations, human rights, and Turkish reforms. This resource book enables the reader to gauge Turkey's prospects for success in establishing an effective government that at the same time protects the rights of the individual. This book will prove a valuable source for students and researchers of international politics, international relations and security studies.” (Source: Routledge). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Arikan, H. (2006). Turkey and the EU: an awkward candidate for EU membership? Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate.
“The relationship between Turkey and the European Union is an important issue in European integration. With the EU beginning accession talks with Turkey, this is a vital moment for the future as the EU deals with a central question that has been on the agenda for over forty years: Turkey's membership. Since the first edition, EU-Turkey relations have clearly taken different directions. There have been considerable developments in Greek-Turkish relations, the Cyprus issue, the domestic politics of Turkey including human rights and the protection of minorities, and the changing security environment post-9/11. Furthermore, recent enlargement has been an important turning point for the EU. This extended and revised edition addresses these major developments and assesses the implications of Turkish membership for the current EU structures. The book is a timely addition to the existing literature for students and academics of European and Middle Eastern Studies.” (Source: Ashgate). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.


Brimmer, E., & Fröhlich, S. (2005). The strategic implications of European Union enlargement. Washington, D.C.: Center for Transatlantic Relations, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University.
"In this book twenty authors from Europe and North America consider the impact of U enlargement on the EU’s perception of its international role, on specific geographical regions, and on a range of global issues. Has the latest enlargement affected strategic priorities? Do perspectives differ in different regions of Europe? How has enlargement affected relations with the United States, Russia, Turkey or the Middle East? Will a larger EU be as active a supporter of development assistance or international environmental policies? Will the EU’s role change at the United Nations? " (Source: Center for Transatlantic Studies). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Çarkoğlu, A., & Rubin, B. M. (2003). Turkey and the European Union: domestic politics, economic integration, and international dynamics. London: Frank Cass.
"These papers examine the history behind Turkey's application for EU membership. The contributors tackle the thorny issues of Cyprus, Turkey's attitude towards a common defence policy and Turkish parliamentarians' views on the nation's relations with the European Union.” (Source: Routledge). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Carrington, A. (2003). European Union, deeper integration or wider membership?: a multivariate statistical analysis. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science.
"This new book presents an attempt to sketch the European picture while retaining as much of the specific features as possible. The complex and dynamic nature of the process of economic and monetary integration in Europe makes it an elusive subject for any analysis which aims to be both comprehensive and systematic. For most of the last decade of the 20th century, the attention (and often concern) of both the public and the academic circles focused on two aspects of the European integration project: the introduction of the single currency and the enlargement of the European Union (EU) towards Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The aim is to investigate empirically the introduction of a single currency in the EU and the potential enlargement towards CEE, individually and in their interaction. The author integrates the theoretical developments on regional economic and monetary integration deeloped before the Euro became reality and use them as the framework for the exploratory analysis." (Source: Nova). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Faucompret, E., & Konings, J. (2008). Turkish accession to the EU: satisfying the Copenhagen criteria. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern economies, 4. Abingdon [England]: Routledge.
"Is Turkey on the way to meet the economic Copenhagen criteria? The enlargement process that the European Union faced the last decade stirred the debate again about the role Turkey has to play and whether or not Turkey should be part of the European Union. While the enlargement with the Central and East European countries of the former Soviet Union was a logical process, given the strong trade relationships and the political and historical context of these countries, the potential enlargement with Turkey is much more complex and controversial. The main innovation of the present study is that it unravels the complexity of the Turkish case by approaching the problem from different angles in a comprehensive way. In particular, by tuning in on the historic, political and economic processes, new insights are obtained about the feasibility of Turkish accession to the EU. By combining lessons from the existing literature, the use of new data and the analysis of the political economic processes, a new perspective on the enlargement question – with the key Copenhagen criteria used as a corner stone - is offered." (Source: Routledge). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books
.
Griffiths, R. T., & Özdemir, D. (2004). Turkey and the EU enlargement: processes of incorporation. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi University Press.
"The enlargement of the EU towards Turkey has been one of the most hotly debated enlargements in the EU’s history. It is therefore most important to obtain a good overview of the most burning issues and underlying questions.The decision to commence negotiations will be taken on the basis of various criteria, including Turkey’s progress towards satisfying the so-called Copenhagen criteria. However, other arguments will also doubtless come into play, including the assessements of the costs and benefits of Turkish membership and whether Turkey is indeed sufficiently ‘European’. This book analyses the pros and cons of Turkish membership on various issues that play a central part in the on-going debate.One unique element of the book is that it represents the views of Turkish academics as well as those from the Netherlands and Germany. Although the tenor of this publication towards the question of Turkish membership is overwhelmingly positive, several authors do express reservations and some worry whether the arguments in Turkey’s support are sufficient to sway the decision in the country’s favour." (Source: Istanbul Bilgi University Press). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Inglis, K., & Ott, A. (2005). The Constitution for Europe and an enlarging Union: unity in diversity? Groningen: Europa Law Pub.
"Books on the constitution risk having an extremely short shelf-life these days, but this one should just avoid that fate because the constitution is not as fundamental a part of the book as the title might imply. This collection of essays by young researchers from across Europe discusses more broadly the future of an enlarging Europe and the impact of enlargement on the EU’s institutions and development." (Source: Europa Law Pub). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Joseph, J. S. (2006). Turkey and the European Union: internal dynamics and external challenges. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan.
"Accession negotiations are underway and Turkey is preparing to become a full member of the EU. Turkey and the EU makes a scholarly contribution in the debate over Turkey's participation in the European integration process and the EU's future enlargement. It explores the recent history of ups and downs in EU-Turkish relations and looks at the prospects and challenges that Turkey's membership presents to both the EU and Turkey. The central question is how the internal economic and sociopolitical dynamics, and external orientations of Turkey, will meet the challenges of EU membership. Turkey's regional role and relations with the US are also examined." (Source: Palgrave MacMillan). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Jung, D., & Raudvere, C. (2008). Religion, politics, and Turkey's EU accession. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Although this volume is in pre-publication and descriptions are unavailable from the publisher, the authors are scholars in the field and this is a volume worth exploring upon publications, expected September 2008.

LaGro, E., & Jørgensen, K. E. (2007). Turkey and the European Union: prospects for a difficult encounter. Palgrave studies in European Union politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
"This volume provides a thorough analysis of Turkey's accession to the EU and contributes to ongoing debates about the future relationship of the two parties. It focuses on political, economic and cultural dimensions and outlines the prospects of this difficult encounter for Turkey and the European Union. It is a highly dynamic encounter and both questions and answers related to the accession seem constantly in flux. The book provides valuable information on the current state of affairs as well as looking to the years to come." (Source: Palgrave MacMillan). Further information: Not available at Library of Congress. Google Books.

Lake, M. (2005). The EU & Turkey: a glittering prize or a millstone? London: Federal Trust for Education and Research.
“This book is a multi-disciplinary attempt to illuminate the dimensions of the challenge from different perspectives. Its contributors include academics and analyses, politicians and practitioners from Turkey, Europe and America. Its breadth, depth and relevance will make it an invaluable source of reference. It will be essential reading not only for the academics and policy makers but also for the wider circle of reader concerned with the future of Europe and Europe's relations with the Islamic world.” (Source: Federal Trust for Education and Research). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Rose, R. (2007). Applying EU standards to Turkish governance: a bottom up approach. Studies in public policy, no. 436. Aberdeen: Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Aberdeen.
“The Turkish application for membership challenges the European Union to evaluate democratic governance in practice. This paper sets out the EU's Copenhagen criteria for admission: the political system should maintain democratic institutions, the rule of law, respect for human and minority rights, a functioning market economy, and an effective public administration. It combines the 2007 Turkish Election Survey with New Europe Barometer data to show how citizens evaluate their system of governance. The ratings that Turks give their political system are compared with those given in 10 new EU member states that the EU decided were "good enough" to become members since 2004. Because of distinctive features of Turkish society, additional criteria are relevant too, such as support for military rule or Islamic Shari'a law. Turks rate their system of government better than the threshold standard set by the lowest-placed government that the EU has already admitted. However, there remain unresolved issues within Turkey, between the EU and the Turkish government, and among EU states making Turkish admission problematic.” (Source: Center for the Study of Public Policy, University of Aberdeen). Further information: Not available at Library of Congress. Not available at Google Books.

Schimmelfennig, F., & Sedelmeier, U. (2005). The politics of European Union enlargement: theoretical approaches. Routledge advances in European politics, 30. London: Routledge.)
"This is a key reference text presenting the latest first-rate approaches to the study of European enlargement. Developed and significantly expanded from a special issue of the leading Journal of European Public Policy, this new volume draws on the insights from the recently emerging theoretically-informed literature on the EU's eastern enlargement and complements these studies with original articles that combine a theoretical approach with comparative analyses. These expert contributors focus on the broader theoretical debates and their implications for the enlargement of the EU, as well as placing the enlargement of the EU within the broader context of the expansion of international organisations and the study of institutions in international relations." (Source: Routledge). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Sjursen, H. (2006). Questioning EU enlargement: Europe in search of identity. London: Routledge.
“This new book takes a unique approach to the study of European enlargement, tackling key questions.What kind of understanding of the EU do the enlargement processes speak to? Do decisions to enlarge mainly suggest that the EU is a free market, focusing on potential economic gains? Do they indicate that there is a sense of common European identity? Or is the focus primarily on securing respect for democratic principles and human rights? Offering up-to-date studies of the EU enlargement processes and country-specific in-depth analyses, Questioning EU Enlargement will be a valuable resource for students and scholars of European studies, international relations and politics.” (Source: Routledge). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.
Stivachtis, Y. A., & Müftüler-Bac, M. (2008). Turkey-European Union relations: dilemmas, opportunities, and constraints. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
“Turkish membership to the European Union generates significant debate among politicians, policy-makers, and academicians. At the same time, the issue of Turkish membership carries challenges for European Union policy-making as well as for theories of integration. This volume comes at a timely interval when there is a need to better understand the Turkish accession to the European Union. The purpose of this volume is twofold. First, it seeks to examine the political background of the European Union-Turkey enlargement negotiation process, and second, it aims at assessing the current strengths and weaknesses of the Turkish candidature. By analyzing the obstacles in front of Turkish negotiations, it aims to uncover the road in front of Turkey's European Union membership. The volume focuses on political, social, and economic issues relevant to the accession process and assesses the transformation at these different levels in line with the negotiations.” (Source: Roman & Littlefield). Further information: Library of Congress. Not available at Google Books.

Yildiz, K. (2005). The Kurds in Turkey: EU accession and human rights. London: Pluto Press in association with Kurdish Human Rights Project.
"This book, written by a leading human rights defender, provides a comprehensive account of the key issues now facing the Kurds, and the prospects for Turkey joining the EU. Kerim Yildiz outlines the background to the current situation and explores a range of issues including civil, cultural and political rights, minority rights, internal displacement, and the international community’s obligations regarding Turkey." (Source: Pluto Books). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

Zürcher, E. J. (2004). The European Union, Turkey and Islam. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
"Does the fact that the majority of Turkey’s population is Muslim form a hindrance to its EU membership? According to a recent policy advice by the Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy (WRR), the answer is an adamant ‘no’.Why is this issue of Turkish Islam relevant? After all, Turkey should not be judged by standards other than the Copenhagen criteria. The answer is that the public debate outside ‘Brussels’ will not be limited to these official criteria. Many people in Europe are worried about Turkey’s ‘Islam factor’. They believe that Muslims are (potentially violent) fundamentalists who want to establish a theocracy. By explicitly examining the role of Turkish Islam and Muslims in Turkey, the WRR wants to contribute to a well-informed European public debate on Turkey’s accession." (Source: Amsterdam University Press). Further information: Library of Congress. Google Books.

News & Newspapers (Quick Guide)
RSS feeds can provide timely and regular updates for the scholar in order to remain informed regarding current events. In the case of Turkey’s potential accession to the European Union, the following RSS feeds are suggested as well as regularly updated news outlets.

Bulletin of the European Union
The Bulletin of the European Union is published by the Secretariat-General of the Commission, and is invaluable for tracking current events with regard to Turkey’s potential for accession to the European Union. Each publication year including the current year has a cumulative index organized alphabetically by subject, through which all pertinent actions are linked. An example of year-to-date actions with regard to Turkey can be found by accessing the “Cumulative Index” on the right-hand menu, then selecting “Turkey”; similarly, the researcher can access actions regarding enlargement.

EurActiv.com RSS feed
This RSS feed focuses on European Union enlargement topics.

EUObserver RSS feed
This RSS feed also focuses on European Union enlargement topics.

New York Times RSS Feed
This RSS feed provides a link to a search of the New York Times with search parameters of “European Union” narrowed by “Turkey”.

Dissertation & Theses (Quick Guide)
Research conducted and presented in the form of dissertations can also be a valuable source of new information for the educator, student and researcher. The following dissertations are recommended as adding to the body of knowledge about Turkey’s accession to the European Union. These dissertations were selected based on their timeliness as well as their relevance in an international relations context, and links have been provided to abstracts online where available. Access to these dissertations is generally via Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI), a subscription only database that may be available via local or university libraries.

Alemdar, Zeynep. (2005) Civil society and intergovernmental organizations: Turkish domestic organizations exercising influence via the European Union. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, United States -- Kentucky.

Atici, C. (2000). The welfare and distribution impacts of international agricultural trade policies: an analysis of Turkey's integration into the European Union. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 2000.

Bekmez, S. (2001). The budgetary impacts of European integration: a general equilibrium analysis of Turkish accession into the European union. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 2001.

Dixon, J. C. (2006). Where does Turkey belong? examining Europeans' attitudes and liberal-democratic values in Turkey, the European Union, and the Muslim world. Dissertation Abstracts International. 67-08. [Bloomington, Ind.]: Indiana University.

Dogan, T. (2007). Turkey's military and the path to the European Union. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007.

Duyulmus, Cem Utku (2006) The impact of the European Union: Democratization of Turkey. M.A. dissertation, Concordia University (Canada), Canada.

Günay, D. (2005). Kemalism meets the Copenhagen Criteria: the emergence of neo-kemalism. Ankara: The Department of International Relations of Bilkent University.

Jennings, C. M. (2007). Turkey: as Islamic EU candidate: to or to not tie the knot. Thesis (B.A.) Cum Laude--Butler University, 2007.

Kalin, M. Y. (2005). The Implications of EU Admittance of Turkey on Turkish-EU Relations and Turkish-U.S. Relations. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center.

Kapoutsos, A. (2005). Turkey and the European Union: the politics of reform and change : a thesis submitted in fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science in the University of Canterbury. Thesis (M. A.)--University of Canterbury, 2005.

Karakus, H. (2005). Turkey and the European Union (EU): Kemalism's effects on the road to the EU. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School.

Kolasin, O. K. (2005). Geopolitics of governing human mobility the European Union, Turkey and illegal immigration. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada.

Kütük, Z. (2003). Turkey's integration into the European Union: the dynamics and determinants of a dilemmatic relationship. Turun yliopiston julkaisuja, osa 258. Turku: Turun yliopisto.

Lampa, G. J. (2005). Oriental anxiety: mixed feelings in Germany on Turkey's accession to the European Union. Thesis (Honors)--Hamline University, 2005.

Sours, T. R. (2005). Perception of Turkish membership in the EU: Three southeastern European case studies. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 2005.

Ünal Eriş, O. (2004). Influence of Germany's national interests on Turkey's quest for EU membership. Thesis (Ph.D.), Dept. of Government -- University of Essex, 2005.

White, A. (2005). How far does Europe extend?: an analysis of public, press, and political elite opinion on EU enlargement to Turkey in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2005.

Yayböke, E. K. (2006). Accession into the European Union: challenges facing Turkey's unique democracy. Professional report (M. of Public Affairs)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006.

Reference Tools, Data, Facts (Quick Guide)
The following reference tools are being suggested for the educator, student, and researcher as source material for basic factual information.

Almanacs (Quick Guide)

CIA The World Factbook
This reference almanac contains useful facts and statistical information regarding Turkey as well as the individual countries of the European Union.

Biographical Sources (Quick Guide)

Profiles of worldwide government leaders. (2007). [S.l.]: C Q Press.
Biographies of world leaders with official and personal information. Online subscription may also be available via a local or university library. (Source: CQ Press)

Directories (Quick Guide)

EU WhoIsWho, The official directory of the European Union
This resource is the official electronic English language version of the European Union directory and is updated weekly. Directory can be searched by person, organizational entity or hierarchy. A search for “enlargement” will produce various results specific to country or policy area.

Dictionaries (Quick Guide)

Phinnemore, D., & McGowan, L. (2006). A dictionary of the European Union. London: Routledge.
This unique collection of data includes concise definitions and explanations on all aspects of the European Union. It explains the terminology surrounding the EU and outlines the roles and significance of the institutions, member countries, programmes and policies, treaties and personalities. It contains over 1,000 clear and succinct definitions, spelling out acronyms and abbreviations, arranged alphabetically and fully cross-referenced. Source: Routledge. Google Books.

Statistical Resources (Quick Guide)

Eurostat
This is the official website of the Statistical Office of the European Communities. Advanced search functions are available and recommended. Eurostat includes Turkey in its statistical data collection and reporting.

United Nations Human Development Report for Republic of Turkey, 2007/08
This United Nations report summarizes statistical data for the Republic of Turkey, to include political, economic and demographic indicators.

The World Bank – Data and Statistics for Turkey
This World Bank report provides statistical data for the Republic of Turkey, including twenty year trends and development goals.



References:

Mann, T. (2005). The Oxford guide to library research (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

Swisher, R. (2003). A Relevant Retrieval Model for the Social Sciences. Retrieved Feb 20, 2008 from http://www.ou.edu/itp/lis5703/subjectguides/modelrationale.htm.

Statement of Scope

Turkey applied for membership in 1959 to the European Economic Community, the predecessor to the European Union, yet as of January 2008, Turkey remains in a pre-accession stage for full membership into the European Union while countries such as Cypress, Bulgaria and Romania have achieved membership. The complex nature of regional integration includes not only issues such as management of bilateral relations in an integrated community, labor migration, and human rights, but also in Turkey’s case, issues between the Western and Eastern worlds divided by fundamental religious differences must also be addressed.

This pathfinder is intended to provide background readings for the educator, researcher and student of international relations to investigate not only the theoretical basis of regional integration but also the specific path Turkey has taken in its bid for membership in the European Union.